Autism Young Adults: Thriving Beyond Diagnosis

Transitioning to Adulthood

Transitioning to adulthood is a significant phase for all young people, but it can be particularly challenging for autism young adults. It requires careful preparation, the development of independence skills, and the utilization of appropriate transition planning tools.

Building Independence Skills

For individuals with autism, independence skills serve as the building blocks for a successful transition into adulthood. It's crucial to introduce these skills early and build upon them gradually, which can equip autism young adults with the tools they need to be more independent throughout their lives.

These skills can range from self-care and domestic tasks to more complex abilities such as decision making and problem-solving. Teaching individuals with autism strategies to cope with changes in their environments and routines can also build resilience and independence, reducing stress, anxiety, and preventing behavioral issues that may result from unexpected changes [2].

Transition Planning Tools

Transition planning tools are valuable resources for preparing individuals with autism for the transition to adulthood. These tools provide information and guidance on key aspects of transition planning and are designed to support individuals with autism, their families, and their support networks.

One such tool is the Autism Speaks Transition Tool Kit, which provides valuable information on planning for the transition to adulthood for individuals with autism. This toolkit covers a range of topics, including education, employment, health and wellness, and social relationships.

Another aspect of transition planning is the progression from one life phase to another, known as vertical transitions, such as moving from primary school to high school. Research has revealed good practice guidelines for preparing individuals with autism for these major life transitions.

Students with autism have the right to receive comprehensive transition services, and school districts are responsible for providing the supports they need to meet their goals after high school. Services available through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) are not accessible once the student has graduated high school or aged out of the school system. Hence, it is crucial to set up these services while the student is still in the school system.

In summary, building independence skills and utilizing transition planning tools are crucial steps in preparing autism young adults for the transition to adulthood. With the right supports and resources, individuals with autism can thrive beyond diagnosis and lead successful and fulfilling lives.

Evidence-Based Practices

In the journey of autism young adults transitioning to adulthood, evidence-based practices (EBPs) play a vital role. They provide a scientifically backed framework to support the development of these individuals. This section discusses federal laws and academic programs, strategies and interventions, and the importance of data collection in implementing EBPs.

Federal Laws and Academic Programs

Federal laws, notably the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA '04), mandate the use of evidence-based academic and behavioral practices and programs for children with autism. These legislations ensure that young adults with autism are provided with the necessary resources and support for their development.

In line with these laws, the National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder has identified 27 evidence-based practices for improving outcomes for students with autism. These practices encompass a range of strategies, from behavioral interventions to instructional methods and collaborative approaches.

Effective Strategies and Interventions

Selecting the right EBPs for each individual is crucial. Educators and practitioners should choose strategies and interventions that are likely to be effective based on the student's target behavior and individual characteristics. This personalized approach ensures that the interventions align with the unique needs and abilities of each student, enhancing their chances of success.

Data Collection for Evaluation

Data collection is a key aspect of implementing and evaluating EBPs. Before starting an intervention, educators and practitioners should collect baseline data to gauge the initial level of the behavior. This provides a reference point to compare and analyze the behavior's level before and after the intervention, helping to determine the effectiveness of the strategy [4].

After the implementation of an EBP, continuous data collection on the student's behavior is crucial. This allows for ongoing evaluation of the practice's effectiveness and ensures it was implemented with fidelity. Through this process, educators and practitioners can make informed decisions about whether to continue, modify, or discontinue a specific practice based on its impact [4].

The use of evidence-based practices, backed by federal laws, effective strategies, and data-driven evaluation, paves the way for improving the outcomes of autism young adults. It provides a strong foundation for their transition to adulthood, promoting independence and success in their personal and professional lives.

Challenges Faced by Young Adults with Autism

Young adults with autism face a range of challenges as they transition into adulthood. These challenges are multifaceted, involving aspects of emotional health, communication, coping mechanisms, and life transitions.

Anxiety and Communication Issues

A significant challenge for young adults with autism is managing anxiety. An extensive review of the literature by White et al (2009) confirms that up to 84% of individuals with autism meet the criteria for clinically diagnosed anxiety disorders.

Coupled with the characteristic communication difficulties that individuals with autism often experience, this high prevalence of anxiety can present a severe problem. Diagnosing depressive or anxiety states in autistic individuals can be challenging due to their inability to communicate feelings of disturbance, anxiety, or distress effectively, as noted by Howlin (1997).

Coping with Change and Stress

Another prominent challenge for young adults with autism is coping with change and stress. Due to the behavioural, information processing, and sensory aspects of their diagnosis, individuals on the autism spectrum often find change very stressful.

Many individuals with autism prefer familiar environments with predictable routines due to restricted and repetitive interests, sensory processing differences, and heightened anxiety. As a result, even small changes can cause significant stress. Teaching individuals with autism strategies to cope with changes in their environments and routines through transition planning can help build resilience and independence. This can reduce stress and anxiety and prevent behavioral issues that may result from unexpected changes [2].

Life Transitions and Support Needs

The shift from one life phase to another, known as vertical transitions (such as moving from primary school to high school), can be particularly challenging for individuals with autism. Research has revealed good practice guidelines for preparing individuals with autism for major life transitions [2].

However, the need for support during these transitions is often high. Support mechanisms, such as transition planning, can be critical for helping young adults with autism navigate these challenging life transitions successfully and with minimal stress. It's crucial for caregivers, educators, and support services to facilitate these transitions and provide the necessary support and resources for individuals with autism as they embark on their journey into adulthood.

Employment and Adult Services

Transitioning into adulthood and the job market can be a challenge for autism young adults. However, there are opportunities and resources designed to assist them in this process.

Employment Opportunities

Research suggests that approximately half of adults with autism are employed, often part-time or in roles for which they are overqualified. Some find work as volunteers or in programs outside the mainstream job market. Despite these challenges, perceptions of autistic individuals in the workplace are generally positive, with many seen as reliable, trustworthy, and methodological employees. But concerns exist regarding the lack of support services and potential vulnerability of these employees in the workplace [5].

Interestingly, both large corporations and smaller companies are recognizing the potential of hiring autistic adults. Companies like Ernst & Young, SAP, and Ford have implemented neurodiversity programs with this aim. Also, smaller businesses like Rising Tide in Florida are focusing on employing individuals on the autism spectrum, creating more opportunities for this group.

Accessing Adult Services

The availability and quality of adult services for individuals with autism can vary significantly depending on geographical location. Certain cities and states in the U.S. offer more extensive benefits and resources for autistic individuals. Coastal cities like Boston, Washington, D.C., and Los Angeles are often cited as having more resources for those on the autism spectrum. In contrast, some states are more generous with funding and have more disability-friendly employers than others.

Transition Programs Availability

Transitioning from school to adulthood is a significant milestone for all young people, including those with autism. However, research suggests that the majority of parents and caregivers do not have a post-school plan for their autistic children and perceive a lack of support for autistic adults. Some parents and caregivers are advocating for schools to retain students with autism for as long as possible to help address this problem [5].

Transition programs can play a critical role in helping autistic young adults prepare for the future, whether that involves employment, further education, or independent living. These programs can offer services like job coaching, social skills training, and life skills instruction to help autistic individuals succeed in adulthood. However, the availability and quality of these transition programs can vary significantly depending on the location, highlighting the need for more standardized and accessible services for autism young adults.

Neurodiversity Programs

Neurodiversity programs are gaining popularity as more companies recognize the unique strengths and talents that individuals with autism can bring to the workplace. These programs aim to provide autism young adults with meaningful employment opportunities and support them in their journey towards independence and success.

Corporate Initiatives

Many large corporations, such as Ernst & Young, SAP, and Ford, have started to implement neurodiversity programs aimed at hiring autistic adults. These initiatives not only provide employment opportunities for individuals with autism but also help to foster an inclusive and diverse workplace culture.

In addition to these multinational companies, smaller companies like Rising Tide in Florida are also focusing on employing individuals on the autism spectrum. By recognizing and valuing the unique skills and perspectives that individuals with autism bring, these companies are paving the way for a more inclusive and diverse workforce.

Corporation	Neurodiversity Initiative
Ernst & Young	Yes
SAP	Yes
Ford	Yes
Rising Tide	Yes

Neurodiversity Employment Opportunities

While the corporate initiatives are a step in the right direction, it's important to note that the employment landscape for individuals with autism is still challenging. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often face pervasive challenges in almost every aspect of functioning, from social difficulties to sensory sensitivities.

Despite these challenges, many young adults with ASD are finding success in the workplace through neurodiversity employment opportunities. These opportunities often provide comprehensive job training and support, helping individuals with ASD to navigate the complexities of the workplace and achieve their full potential.

In conclusion, neurodiversity programs and employment opportunities play a crucial role in supporting autism young adults in their transition to adulthood. By providing meaningful employment opportunities and fostering an inclusive workplace culture, these initiatives are helping to change perceptions and create a more inclusive society for individuals with autism.

Support for Individuals with Autism

As young adults with autism transition into adulthood, several support services are available to aid in this significant life change. These services are designed to build independence, enable successful adjustments, and promote overall well-being.

Comprehensive Transition Services

Students with autism have the right to receive comprehensive transition services, and school districts are responsible for providing the supports they need to meet their goals after high school. Transition planning services are required for all special education students at age 16, with the ideal start of the process being as early as 12 or 14 years old. Services available through the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) are not accessible once the student has graduated high school or aged out of the school system, so it is crucial to set up these services while the student is still in the school system [3]. In Canada, adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can access government-funded supports and services starting at 18 years old in most provinces, including Quebec.

Adult Healthcare Planning

Autism and the Transition to Adult Healthcare is a critical aspect of the transition to adulthood for individuals with autism. Planning for adult life should include considerations such as a job, post-secondary education, a day habilitation program, and living independently. Developing a transition plan that builds the necessary skills for achieving these goals in adult life is essential, and it is advised to start preparing early in the child's life, ideally beginning the transition process at 12 or 14 years old.

Transition to College and Employment

The Transition to College is a significant milestone for young adults with autism. As they approach adulthood, planning should encompass aspects like postsecondary education, employment opportunities, housing, and comprehensive transition services. Starting the transition process early, ideally at 12 or 14 years old, is crucial to allow students with autism to develop the skills needed to achieve their goals in adult life [3].

These structured support services for young adults with autism are vital in providing targeted help and guidance during important life transitions. By engaging in comprehensive planning and early preparation, individuals with autism can thrive in adulthood, navigating college, employment, and healthcare with confidence and independence.